human milk feeding decreases the incidence and/or severity of a wide range of infectious diseases including: bacterial meningitis, diarrhea, respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, and late-onset sepsis in preterm infants (2)
postneonatal infant mortality rates in the United States are reduced by 21% in breastfed infants. (3)
studies suggest decreased rates of sids in the first year of life and reduction in incidence of insulin-dependent (type 1) and non–insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes, lymphoma, leukemia, overweight and obesity, and asthma in older children and adults who were breastfed, (additional research in this area is warranted). (4)
Breastfeeding has been associated with slightly enhanced performance on tests of cognitive development (5)
mothers: decreased postpartum bleeding, more rapid uterine involution (attributable to increased concentrations of oxytocin), decreased menstrual blood loss, increased child spacing attributable to lactational amenorrhea, earlier return to prepregnancy weight, decreased risk of breast cancer, decreased risk of ovarian cancer, and possibly decreased risk of hip fractures and osteoporosis in the postmenopausal period(6)
For example, breast-feeding makes your body release a hormone called oxytocin. This hormone helps your uterus bleed less and return to its normal size after pregnancy (18) Exclusive breastfeeding has been shown to provide improved protection against many diseases and to increase the likelihood of continued breastfeeding for at least the first year of life (10)
Breast-feeding helps a woman's body recover from the stresses of pregnancy, labor, and delivery. (13)
Breast milk is easier to digest – For most babies — especially premature babies — breast milk is easier to digest than formula. The proteins in formula are made from cow’s milk and it takes time for babies’ stomachs to adjust to digesting them. (23)
Physical contact is important to newborns. It can help them feel more secure, warm, and comforted. Mothers can benefit from this closeness, as well. Breastfeeding requires a mother to take some quiet relaxed time to bond (27)
WHY FORMULA: to compensate for the possible lower rate of absorption, formulas have higher amounts of protein and vitamins and minerals (64)
Formula can be expensive, and breast milk is free (16)
Breastfeeding may take a little more effort than formula feeding at first. BUT it can make life easier once you and your baby settle into a good routine. (25)
when you breastfeed, there are no bottles and nipples to sterilize. You do not have to buy, measure, and mix formula. And there are no bottles to warm in the middle of the night! You can satisfy your baby’s hunger right away when breastfeeding. (26)
WHY NOT: Nursing mothers do need to eat more and may want to buy nursing bras and pads, a breast pump, or other equipment. (But these expenses are generally less than the cost of formula.) (31)
Formula-feeding Advantages: Bottle-feeding can offer more freedom and flexibility for the mother, and it makes it easier to know how much the baby is getting (32)
Formula-feeding Advantages: babies digest formula more slowly than breast milk, a baby who is getting formula may need fewer feedings than one who breastfeeds. (33)
Formula-feeding Advantages:Since breast milk is easily digested, breastfed babies tend to eat more often than babies who are fed formula. This means mom may find herself in demand as frequently as every 2 or 3 hours in the first few weeks. This can be tiring, but it's not long before babies feed less frequently and sleep longer at night.
Mothers who want to continue breastfeeding can use a breast pump to collect breast milk to be given in a bottle so their babies still get its benefits even when mom isn't available to breastfeed (38)
breastfeeding stimulates milk production and your supply of breast milk will automatically adjust to your baby's demand for it (41)
Bottles and rubber nipples need to be sterilized by boiling them in water for ten minutes. Otherwise, disease and infection will result (51)
economic, family, and environmental benefits: potential for decreased annual health care costs of $3.6 billion in the United States; decreased costs for public health programs (WIC); more time for attention to siblings and other family matters as a result of decreased infant illness; decreased environmental burden for disposal of formula cans and bottles; and decreased energy demands for production and transport of artificial feeding products.(7)
Economic, family, and environmental benefits are offset by: increased costs for physician and lactation consultations, and cost of breast pumps and other equipment (all of which could be covered by insurance payments to providers and families)(8)
In addition to sustaining lives that might otherwise be lost, breastfeeding actually helps to curb overpopulation by preventing more births than all other forms of contraception combined. This is largely because exclusive breastfeeding postpones the return of menses. (45)
Also, when survival rates are higher, as they are with breastfed children, birth rates naturally tend to be lower. (48)
Also, when survival rates are higher, as they are with breastfed children, birth rates naturally tend to be lower. (49)
Transporting milk to processing plants and transporting the final product to consumers requires enormous amounts of energy and adds to pollution and the depletion of global resources (50)
For every three million bottle-fed babies, 450 million empty tins end up in landfills. Few are recycled. (52)
can stand covered, in a clean cup, for up to six hours without becoming contaminated (53)
formula should not be left out more than an hour (61)
prepared formula should not be kept for more than 24 hours in the fridge (62)
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