Prohibition Movie

The sound quality is not very good, but it's done! Let me know what you think.
Here's the link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWmaJ1IEQ_4

Essay four

Healthy Feeding

by

Sophia Sincevich

EN101-H1

Dr. Kerr

22 November 2010

 

If ninety percent of American families fed their infant children exclusively from the breast for the first six months of their child's life, one thousand infant deaths could be avoided each year ("Womenshealth.gov"). Besides being the most ideal food for a baby, breast milk has nearly all the vitamins and minerals an infant needs; Vitamin D is the single missing component (Jocoy). The main elements in human milk include protein, lactose, whey, casein, and fat; all of which are easily digestible by young systems (Dowshen). A majority of formulas consist of soy products, vegetable oils, cornstarch, and a number of other ingredients that children can not consume easily ("Truth in Labeling"). While formula provides adequate nutrition, it does not give a baby any extra support against infection in the way breast milk naturally does (Jocoy).Unless a mother has a dangerous disease that she could pass to the baby through her milk, breast feeding is suggested and encouraged strongly by doctors ( Gartner, and Eidelman). Unlike formula feeding, breast feeding is extremely healthy for an infant and it's mother, is convenient, and has a positive impact on society.

Children, and their mothers, benefit immeasurably from breast feeding, or nursing. Breast feeding is the action of a child receiving milk from a mother's breast; exclusive breast feeding is when a child eats only a mother's milk and no supplements (Jocoy). Research has shown breast feeding to improve a child's natural defenses, especially when continuing to breast-feed through the entire first year of life (Gartner, and Eidelman). Feeding babies human milk decreases the prevalence and severity of infectious diseases including, but not limited to, diarrhea, urinary tract infections, meningitis, respiratory infections, and late-onset sepsis in premature babies (Gartner, and Eidelman ). In addition to defending against infections, choosing to nurse reduces the chance of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (S.I.D.S), both type one and type two diabetes, lymphoma, obesity, leukemia, and even asthma in older children and adults (Gartner, and Eidelman). The advantages of breast feeding are not only for the babies receiving the milk. Mothers who allow their infants to breast-feed experience a wide range of benefits: swifter recovery from pregnancy, labor, and delivery (Jocoy). Feeding infants from the breast also decreases postpartum bleeding in women, as well as an earlier return to pre-pregnancy weight, less risk of breast and ovarian cancer, and increased time between children (Gartner, and Eidelman ). Because of the release of the hormone Oxycontin during nursing, the mother's uterus bleeds less during recovery from pregnancy and returns to it's normal size quicker than if the mother was not breast feeding (Jocoy). Infant formulas can do none of this, and are only advantageous for the baby, not the mother (Dowshen). In fact, although many formulas claim to have higher levels of nutrients than breast milk, the child does not absorb all of the vitamins and minerals and can not gain their benefits (Tessmer). With the easily digested breast milk, the child can be assured of gaining all the mother has to offer (Jocoy). However healthy a formula seems, it cannot compare to a mother's milk.

Infant formulas are considered to be simpler, swifter, and more convenient for the mother than taking the time to nurse a child (Tessmer). Breast feeding does take more effort and is more time consuming than formula-feeding at first, the mother's nipples can become chapped and the baby does not always take to the breast automatically; but, once the mother and the child have become used to breast feeding, formula feeding is a hassle in comparison ("Womenshealth.gov"). Once the mothers and infants move past the frustrating first stages of nursing, dealing with the constant influx of bottles, formula, and all the procedures associated with it, feeding a baby directly from the mother's body is the simplest method of feeding (Jocoy). Because babies do not digest formula as quickly as breast milk, their stomachs are full longer and so they do not need to eat as often as if they were nursing (Tessmer). But, the formula fed children tend to spit up more than breast fed children due to the extra demands made on their developing systems (Dowshen). With breast feeding, mothers can find themselves nursing every couple of hours, however, this lasts only for the first few weeks of the child's life and tapers off quickly (Dowshen). Unlike formula feeding, when an infant is breast-fed there is nothing to sterilize, measure, mix, or warm (Jocoy). A baby's hunger can be satisfied on the spot instead of the child having to wait as the formula is prepared, this time-saving procedure is especially helpful for parents when a baby has awoken hungry in the middle of the night ("Womenshealth.gov"). To further indicate the convenience of breast milk, if pumped and bottled, can be left out of the refrigerator for up to six hours before it should be disposed of; allowing the child to eat at it's leisure (Smith). Prepared formula can only be unrefrigerated for one hour, and wait inside of a fridge for twenty-four hours (Tessmer).A large argument against breast feeding is the cost of bras, pads, and a breast pump, but these prices do not amount to the expenditures of buying formula, and are usually bought less frequently (Dowshen). Purchasing formula is expensive, especially when needed for an extended amount of time but breast milk is free; this can be extremely advantageous for new parents who may not have much money to spend on formula (Jocoy). A mother's breast naturally adjusts it's milk production to the amount the child needs and prevents the baby from running out of food; formula needs to be purchased every time the container empties (Dowshen). Feeding a baby formula from a bottle can allow greater freedom in how or where a baby eats and provide a more accurate assessment of the amount an infant is consuming (Dowshen). But, a mother can use a breast pump, fill a bottle, and continue to provide her child with her milk instead of formula; the nutrition of breast milk and the flexibility of a bottle give the mother leeway, especially in social settings where she may feel uncomfortable showing her breast (Dowshen). Despite the convenience of bottles, a problem can develop if the child experiences Nipple Confusion and will no longer take to the breast after being exposed to a bottle, or vice versa; though this can be eliminated by exclusively breast feeding for the first few weeks of life ( Jocoy). As overwhelmingly beneficial as breast feeding is for a mother and infant, it is also a positive influence on the world outside the family in ways formula feeding does not.

Nursing children in during their infancy has widespread consequences for society at large. In regards to the world's population, breast feeding not only sustains lives but it also helps prevent births and impedes overpopulation due to postponed menstruation (Smith). Additionally, with more children surviving infancy birth rates naturally lower (Smith). The economy also gains when more mothers breast-feed through the potential of lower annual health care costs, and decreased costs for public health programs like WIC (Gartner, and Eidelman). Mothers would still need to purchase breast pumps and lactation consultations and other necessary equipment, thus insuring money circulating where formula costs once were (Gartner, and Eidelman ). Transportation of the formulas to processing plants and then to the commercial grocer, and the pesticides present in the plant-based formulas require vast amounts of energy and add to the planet's pollution levels (Smith). Alongside the pollution of simply creating the formulas is the environmental burden created by the numerous formula cans and bottles that end up in landfills (Gartner, and Eidelman ). Few formula packages are recycled and for every three million bottle-fed babies, four-hundred and fifty empty containers go to the dump (Smith). The advantages of breast feeding are not limited to the mother and child, and their decisions can impact society on multiple, far-reaching levels.

Though there are obvious benefits to breast feeding, some women continue to feed their babies from manufactured sources. This may be due to a lack of confidence in mothers; they believe they cannot succeed because other women they know could not (O'Connor). While there is nothing unhealthy or dangerous in formula, at this time, it is impossible for formula to duplicate all of the enriching qualities of breast milk (Smith). Though feeding a child exclusively breast milk for as long as possible is suggested, even partial breast feeding is advantageous to the infant's health (Perkins, and Vannais). Studies have even found that breast-fed children have higher testing scores in cognitive development ( Gartner, and Eidelman). Breast milk is naturally designed to have the correct composition and the right amount of nutrients for a baby (Alvis). While nreast feeding a baby does restrict some freedom from the mother, for instance, she must continue to eat a healthy diet and must be careful of the medicines she takes (OBrien) the pros outweigh the cons. Infant formulas are replications of a naturally made substance that has numerous benefits and little to no drawbacks.

Works Cited

Alvis, Jeff. "Knowledge Base." Stonebridge Pediatrics. N.p., 2010. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://www.stonebridgepediatrics.com/breastfeeding_faq

Dowshen, Steven. "Feeding Your Newborn." KidsHealth. The Nemours Foundation, Aug 2008. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/feeding/feednewborn

Gartner, Lawrence, and Arthur Eidelman. "Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk." AAP Policy. N.p., Feb 2005. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics

"Infant Formula." Truth in Labeling. N.p., 03 Jul 2004. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://www.truthinlabeling.org/formulacopy.html>.

Jocoy, Sandy. "Should I Breast-Feed My Baby." WebMD. Healthwise Inc., 04 May 2009. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/should-i-breast-feed-my-baby>.

OBrien, Robin. "The Advantages of Bottle Feeding." Article Alley. N.p., 21 Aug 2006. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://www.articlealley.com/article_83417_40.html>.

O'Connor, Mary. "Breastfeeding Benefits and Barriers: Lack of Confidence." Breastfeeding Basics. Mary O'Connor, 1998. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://www.breastfeedingbasics.org/cgi-bin/deliver.cgi/content/Introduction/bar_confidence.html>.

Perkins, Sharon, and Carol Vannais. "Comparing Formula and Breast Milk." Dummies.com. Wiley Publishing Inc, n.d. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/comparing-formula-and-breast-milk.html>.

Smith, Mark. "Nursing the World Back to Health." La Leche League International. La Leche League International, 14 Oct 2007. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://www.llli.org/NB/NBMayJun95p68.html>.

Tessmer, Kimberly. "Breast Milk vs Formula." Family Education. Pearson Education Inc, n.d. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://life.familyeducation.com/breastfeeding/formula-feeding/44286.html>.

"Why Breastfeeding is Important." Womenshealth.gov. N.p., 01 Aug 2010. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://www.womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/why-breastfeeding-is-important/>.

Essay four outline

1. Introduction

• Breast milk is the perfect food for your baby. It has almost all the nutrients a baby needs for the first 6 months of life (12)
• Formula provides good nutrition for babies. But it does not give your baby the extra protection against infection that breast milk does. (19)
• Recent research shows that if 90 percent of families breastfed exclusively for 6 months, nearly 1,000 deaths among infants could be prevented (28)
• components — lactose, protein (whey and casein), and fat (30)
• Water, corn syrup solids....casein hydrolysate, modified corn starch...carrageenan, L-cysteine.... (68)

2. Health for baby/mamma

• human milk feeding decreases the incidence and/or severity of a wide range of infectious diseases including: bacterial meningitis, diarrhea, respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, and late-onset sepsis in preterm infants (2)
• postneonatal infant mortality rates in the United States are reduced by 21% in breastfed infants. (3)
• ^{studies suggest decreased rates of sids in the first year of life and reduction in incidence of insulin-dependent (type 1) and non–insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes, lymphoma, leukemia, overweight and obesity, and asthma in older children and adults who were breastfed, (additional research in this area is warranted). (4)}
• ^{Breastfeeding has been associated with slightly enhanced performance on tests of cognitive development (5)}
• ^{mothers: decreased postpartum bleeding, more rapid uterine involution (attributable to increased concentrations of oxytocin), decreased menstrual blood loss, increased child spacing attributable to lactational amenorrhea, earlier return to prepregnancy weight, decreased risk of breast cancer, decreased risk of ovarian cancer, and possibly decreased risk of hip fractures and osteoporosis in the postmenopausal period(6)}
• ^{For example, breast-feeding makes your body release a hormone called oxytocin. This hormone helps your uterus bleed less and return to its normal size after pregnancy (18)}
• ^{Exclusive breastfeeding has been shown to provide improved protection against many diseases and to increase the likelihood of continued breastfeeding for at least the first year of life (10)}
• ^{Breast-feeding helps a woman's body recover from the stresses of pregnancy, labor, and delivery. (13)}
• ^{Breast milk is easier to digest – For most babies — especially premature babies — breast milk is easier to digest than formula. The proteins in formula are made from cow’s milk and it takes time for babies’ stomachs to adjust to digesting them. (23)}
• ^{Physical contact is important to newborns. It can help them feel more secure, warm, and comforted. Mothers can benefit from this closeness, as well. Breastfeeding requires a mother to take some quiet relaxed time to bond (27)}
• ^{WHY FORMULA: to compensate for the possible lower rate of absorption, formulas have higher amounts of protein and vitamins and minerals (64)}

3. Convenience

• Formula can be expensive, and breast milk is free (16)
• Breastfeeding may take a little more effort than formula feeding at first. BUT it can make life easier once you and your baby settle into a good routine. (25)
• when you breastfeed, there are no bottles and nipples to sterilize. You do not have to buy, measure, and mix formula. And there are no bottles to warm in the middle of the night! You can satisfy your baby’s hunger right away when breastfeeding. (26)
• WHY NOT: Nursing mothers do need to eat more and may want to buy nursing bras and pads, a breast pump, or other equipment. (But these expenses are generally less than the cost of formula.) (31)
• Formula-feeding Advantages: Bottle-feeding can offer more freedom and flexibility for the mother, and it makes it easier to know how much the baby is getting (32)
• Formula-feeding Advantages: babies digest formula more slowly than breast milk, a baby who is getting formula may need fewer feedings than one who breastfeeds. (33)
• Formula-feeding Advantages:Since breast milk is easily digested, breastfed babies tend to eat more often than babies who are fed formula. This means mom may find herself in demand as frequently as every 2 or 3 hours in the first few weeks. This can be tiring, but it's not long before babies feed less frequently and sleep longer at night.
• Mothers who want to continue breastfeeding can use a breast pump to collect breast milk to be given in a bottle so their babies still get its benefits even when mom isn't available to breastfeed (38)
• breastfeeding stimulates milk production and your supply of breast milk will automatically adjust to your baby's demand for it (41)
• Bottles and rubber nipples need to be sterilized by boiling them in water for ten minutes. Otherwise, disease and infection will result (51)

4. Beneficial for society

• ^{economic, family, and environmental benefits: potential for decreased annual health care costs of $3.6 billion in the United States; decreased costs for public health programs (WIC); more time for attention to siblings and other family matters as a result of decreased infant illness; decreased environmental burden for disposal of formula cans and bottles; and decreased energy demands for production and transport of artificial feeding products.(7)}
• ^{Economic, family, and environmental benefits are offset by: increased costs for physician and lactation consultations, and cost of breast pumps and other equipment (all of which could be covered by insurance payments to providers and families)(8)}
• ^{In addition to sustaining lives that might otherwise be lost, breastfeeding actually helps to curb overpopulation by preventing more births than all other forms of contraception combined. This is largely because exclusive breastfeeding postpones the return of menses. (45)}
• ^{Also, when survival rates are higher, as they are with breastfed children, birth rates naturally tend to be lower. (48)}
• ^{Also, when survival rates are higher, as they are with breastfed children, birth rates naturally tend to be lower. (49)}
• ^{Transporting milk to processing plants and transporting the final product to consumers requires enormous amounts of energy and adds to pollution and the depletion of global resources (50)}
• ^{For every three million bottle-fed babies, 450 million empty tins end up in landfills. Few are recycled. (52)}
• ^{can stand covered, in a clean cup, for up to six hours without becoming contaminated (53)}
• ^{formula should not be left out more than an hour (61)}
• ^{prepared formula should not be kept for more than 24 hours in the fridge (62)}

4. Conclusion

• even partial breastfeeding has many advantages that easily makes it a worthwhile endeavor. Occasionally some women do not produce enough milk for their baby and need to supplement, some parents just want to supplement, and others decide only to use formula (11)
• there is nothing inherently dangerous in formula, only that formula can't possibly replace all the benefits of human milk (42)
• 
  
  WHY: Lack of confidence Many women felt that they would be unable to make enough milk for their baby or that they would be unable to successfully breastfeed their baby because their sisters did not make enough milk or their mother reported that she could not breastfeed her children successfully. (67)
  
  
• Your breast milk is specifically formulated to have the right composition for your child and to contain the right amounts of the baby's needed nutrients. (65)

Essay 3 The Prohibition

Backlash of the Prohibition

            On January 16, 1920, the United States said no alcoholic beverages were to be sold or purchased in breweries, distilleries, or saloons, and these businesses were forced to close their doors (Mintz). Drinking was a source of corruption, and an excuse for domestic violence (Mintz). Prohibition was the solution to these and other problems in America (Weiser). Many believed only beneficial outcomes would be generated from the elimination of beer from the public (Mintz). Though developed to end the consumption and negative effects of alcohol, the 1920’s prohibition created the illegal trafficing of alcoholic beverages, an ineffective government, and increased death rates.

            When the public demanded alcohol, many began finding covert ways of getting what they wanted: liquor (Levine, and Reinarmen). Organized crime grew and dominated 1920’s American society (Hoyt). Gangs of alcohol traffickers were common and gained control of the public because they could supply the public with liquor (Hoyt). As the illegal activities expanded, buildings were created to hide the alcohol consumption (hoyt). Thirty thousand speakeasies sprung up across the country while legal bars numbered around half that amount (Hoyt). Since the production was also prohibited, approximately one hundred thousand people brewed alcohol in bathtubs and handcrafted stills (Hoyt). And because the breweries were shutdown, many fashioned liquor in their homes, right underneath the detection of the authorities (Mintz). Since the alcoholic content of beer was lower than whiskey or gin, more had to be provided to speakeasies (Thornton). But Prohibition made it very difficult to transport the bulky, weaker alcohols, and stronger drinks became the choice for many Americans (Thornton). The vast amounts of smuggling and covert breweries were the United State’s worst kept secret, and when gangsters provided a business with alcoholic beverages, many authorities looked the other way (Weiser) Famous gangster Al Capone trafficked liquor frequently and made this comment on the inconsistencies between American beliefs and the law, “When I sell liquor, it’s bootlegging. When my patrons serve it on a silver tray on Lakeshore Drive, it’s hospitality” (Weiser).

Prohibition had a goal to decrease death rate and alcohol-related illness; however, it had negative effects on the health of the nation (Hoyt). Deaths caused by cirrhosis dropped significantly in the 1920’s (Hoyt). Alcoholism related fatalities decreased by eighty percent, but seven years after the ban of alcohol, total deaths from handmade liquor climbed to fifty thousand (Mintz). There were more cases of blindness, paralysis and other illnesses caused by dangerously created alcohol (Mintz). Despite what the Prohibition intended, more alcoholics and speakeasies existed by the end of the 1920’s than there were before the law was created (Hoyt). Another unintended danger fostered by the Prohibition was the introduction of harsh drugs like narcotics (Weiser). Aside from the increase in death from the liquor, homicide rates went up due to gang wars in cities (Mintz). The Prohibition also unintentionally allowed the American public to foster negativity towards the government and law enforcement (Mintz).

The credibility of the American government suffered during the 1920’s because of its lax behavior towards the public’s illegal actions (Hoyt). The closing of saloons destroyed the brewing industry and many job opportunities, which lost the government tax revenues and damaged the economy (Hoyt). During this time, political corruption skyrocketed (Hoyt). Polititians were funded by those profiting from illegal trafficking and so passed twisted government rulings (Hoyt) According to well-known tycoon John D. Rockefeller, “Drinking has generally increased, the speakeasy has replaced the saloon; a vast army of lawbreakers has been recruited and financed on a colossal scale” (Hoyt). Crime increased in the twenties because of the lack of funding for local and federal authorities (“Finding Dulcinea”). The money that should have been given the officers went to gangsters and politicians, making it difficult to enforce laws (“Finding Dulcinea”). Implement of 1920s' Prohibition would have been a daunting enterprise, even with proper funding (Henderson). Bootleggers were plentiful, where one was stopped, three more would appear (Henderson). Prohibition did not succeed in creating an alcohol-free America (Henderson).

During the 1930’s, those originally for the elimination of alcohol in the U.S. altered their opinions, and wanted the Prohibition lifted (Hoyt). The negative effects of the ban were far-reaching and convinced Americans that the problems alcohol induced were nothing compared to the issues that arose from it’s illegality (Hoyt). While the act did inhibit the consumption of beer effectively, it increased the drinking of hard liquor (Levine, and Reinarmen).When Prohibition was abolished, President Franklin D. Roosevelt stated, “What America needs now is a drink”(Burkhart). His wit indicated the futility of banning alcohol, drinking was so embedded in American culture, that it could not be eradicated so easily (Burkhart).

Works Cited

Burkhart, Jeff. "Prohibition Fast Facts." Prohibition Repeal. Distilled Spirits Council of the United States, n.d. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.prohibitionrepeal.com/history/fastfacts.asp

Henderson, Paula. "1920s' PROHIBITION ." Vintage Periods. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.vintageperiods.com/prohibition.php>.

Hoyt, Alia. "How Prohibition Worked ." How Stuff Works. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://history.howstuffworks.com/american-history/prohibition4.htm>.

Levine, Harry, and Craig Reinarmen. "Drugtext." From Prohibition to Regulation. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.drugtext.org/library/articles/craig102.htm>

Mintz, s. "Digital History." The Jazz Age: The 1920's. N.p., 27Oct 2010. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/copyright.cfm>.

Thornton, Mark. "Cato Institute." Alcohol Prohibition Was a Failure. N.p., 17 July 1991. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=1017>.

Weiser, Kathy. "Speakeasies of the Prohibition Era." Legends of America. N.p., March 2010. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ah-prohibitionspeakeasy2.html>.

Prohibition Outline

Using the numbers off of my list of facts/research, I made myself this outline to keep ontrack:

The Effects of the 1920’s Prohibition

I.

            Introduction

                        What was prohibition?

                        Why was it put into place?

                        (info 9, 10)

                        Thesis:

II.

            Effect # 1

                        Alcohol began to be sold illegally and in dangerous mixtures

                        (info 6, 8, 12, 13, 20, 21, 26)

III.

            Effect # 2

                        The government and law enforcements took a negative turn

                        (info 1, 2, 5, 7, 27, 28)

IV.

            Effect # 3

                        The rates of death and illnesses increased dramatically

                        (info 3, 11, 14, 15, 25)

V.

            Conclusion

                        What was intended to happen

                        (info 4, 16, 22, 30)

Prohibition Research

After deciding to base my paper off of the word "Bartender", I compiled this information on the 1920's Prohibition of Alcohol:

http://history.howstuffworks.com/american-history/prohibition4.htm

1. Prohibition created a vast illegal market for the production, trafficking and sale of alcohol. In turn, the economy took a major hit, thanks to lost tax revenue and legal jobs.
2. Prohibition nearly ruined the country's brewing industry
3. Prohibition also produced some interesting statistics concerning the health of AmericansDeaths caused by cirrhosis of the liver in men dropped to 10.7 men per 100,000 from 29.5 men per 100,000 from 1911 to 1929 [source: Digital History].

·         Alcohol consumption during Prohibition declined between 30 and 50 percent [source: Digital History].

·         Conversely, by the end of the 1920s there were more alcoholics and illegal drinking establishments than before Prohibition [source: Encyclomedia.com].

4. people who had vocally supported Prohibition had changed their tune dramatically.     Their opinions about the evils of alcohol remained, but they had realized the effects of Prohibition to be far-reaching and perhaps worse than alcohol itself.
5. According to famous tycoon John D. Rockefeller, "Drinking has generally increased, the speakeasy has replaced the saloon; a vast army of lawbreakers has been recruited and financed on a colossal scale" [source: Digital History].
6. G­angs of illegal alcohol traffickers, comparable to today's illegal drug rings, became common
7. Political corruption reached new levels, as those who were profiting from illegal trafficking lined the pockets of crooked politicians
8. Illegal speakeasies flourished. Prior to Prohibition, there were fewer than 15,000 legal bars in the United States. By 1927, however, more than 30,000 speakeasies were serving illegally across the country. Approximately 100,000 people brewed alcohol illegally from home [source: Digital History].

http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/copyright.cfm

Mintz, S. (2007). Change this text to the title of the section. Digital History. Retrieved (insert the date your retrieved the information here without parentheses) from
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu (add the complete URL for the specific page)

9.     At midnight, January 16, 1920, the United States went dry; breweries, distilleries, and saloons were forced to close their doors.

10. Advocates of Prohibition argued that outlawing drinking would eliminate corruption, end machine politics, and help Americanize immigrants.

11. The death rate from alcoholism was cut by 80 percent by 1921 from pre-war levels, while alcohol-related crime dropped markedly. Nevertheless, seven years after Prohibition went into effect, the total deaths from adulterated liquor reached approximately 50,000, and there were many more cases of blindness and paralysis

12.  produced bootleggers, speakeasies, moonshine, bathtub gin, and rum runners smuggling supplies of alcohol across state lines.

13.  In 1927, there were an estimated 30,000 illegal speakeasies--twice the number of legal bars before Prohibition. Many people made beer and wine at home.

14.  fostered corruption and contempt for law and law enforcement (Al Capone's Chicago organization reportedly took in $60 million in 1927 and had half the city's police on its payroll.)

15.  Homicides increased in many cities, partly as a result of gang wars, but also because of an increase in drunkenness

http://www.drugtext.org/library/articles/craig102.htm

16. The major effect of the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act on drinking was to dramatically reduce beer drinking (and therefore total alcohol consumption). At the same time, however, prohibition increased consumption of hard liquor (especially among the middle class

http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=1017

17.  National prohibition of alcohol (1920-33)--the "noble experiment"--was undertaken to reduce crime and corruption, solve social problems, reduce the tax burden created by prisons and poorhouses, and improve health and hygiene in America.

18.  Prohibition removed a significant source of tax revenue and greatly increased government spending.

19.  It led many drinkers to switch to opium, marijuana, patent medicines, cocaine, and other dangerous substances that they would have been unlikely to encounter in the absence of Prohibition.

20.   underground economy swiftly moved from the production of beer to the production of the more potent form of alcohol, spirits.

21.   Prohibition made it more difficult to supply weaker, bulkier products, such as beer, than stronger, compact products, such as whiskey

http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ah-prohibitionspeakeasy2.html

22.   The "Jazz Age” quickly signified a loosening up of morals, the exact opposite of what its Prohibition advocates had intended

23.  old social barriers were broken, as the rich and powerful began to rub shoulders with ordinary folks. From housewives, to large business owners, blue collar workers, corrupted police chiefs and mayors, these many patrons befriended each other in their quest of the same goals – drinking and avoiding the law

24.  it began to be fashionable to flout the Prohibition laws and the hip flask became a symbol of rebellion, seen everywhere

25.  Narcotics, hashish, and marijuana were soon used in abundance

     26.       When I sell liquor,

it's bootlegging.

When my patrons serve it

on a silver tray

on Lakeshore Drive,

it's hospitality.

-- Al Capone

http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/On-this-Day--Prohibition-Went-into-Effect-in-America.html

27. However, crime increased because “neither federal nor local authorities would commit the resources necessary to enforce the Volstead Act,” according to the National Archives.

http://www.vintageperiods.com/prohibition.php

28.  Enforcement of 1920s' Prohibition was a formidable task. Bootleggers and rum runners (smugglers crossing a state border) were plentiful

29.  Chicago’s Al Capone and his organization were considered glamorous figures; supposedly, half the city’s police were on their payroll

Burkhart, Jeff. Something to celebrate: Repeal of Prohibition. Marin Independent Journal, December 7, 2007.

30. "What America needs now is a drink" declared President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the end of Prohibition

Essay 2

Sophia Alice Sincevich

Dr. Kerr

EN101-H1

October 4, 2010

Active Slumber

                       

Sleep is an essential process the body must go through to repair and cleanse itself (dailymail). Most external stimuli are filtered through the body’s senses and ultimately ignored because of the necessary actions taking place throughout the night.  However, the major organs in the body do not alter greatly in their functions during slumber and during wakefulness (talkaboutsleep). The human brain, eyes, and muscles have specific tasks to undertake while an individual is awake that do not differ significantly from their responsibilities when the body is asleep.

            Day or night, the brain swarms with activity (talk about sleep). When alert, it serves as a command center, continually sending and receiving information regarding the various stimuli coming in contact with the body. As the other organs gather sensations (sight, sound, touch, taste, smell) the brain organizes and compiles the data it is sent, storing these details for later use. In addition to sifting through the abundant messages it receives, the brain controls the voluntary and involuntary actions of the body – breathing, digesting, moving an arm, wiggling an ear, and etcetera. Synapses in the mind fire signals throughout the body and across the brain to transfer information and complete tasks, whether or not an individual is awake (ninds). As the body begins to feel the need for sleep, the brain’s activity does not slack. Instead, it directs its focus to resting the body and recovering from the day (daily mail). Scientists measure the exertions of the brain in waves. They have recorded the actions of the brain while the body is both awake and asleep, and they have found that the frequency and speed of the waves do not decrease as an individual sleeps. The brain never stops controlling the body, even in states of relaxation (ninds). For the mind, at least, there is no difference between a conscious body and an unconscious one.

            The eyes serve as a direct window to the world outside of the human body. With the eye, one can observe colors, shapes, movements, light, and pattern, all while creating a three-dimensional view of the surrounding environment. Both in slumber and wakefulness, the eyes will close and wash themselves with tears. Tears clean the eyeball of dirt, bacteria, and other debris that does not belong with the eye. During the day, the lids will periodically close for this task, blinking, and throughout the night the eye remains shut for the same purpose (kidshealth). When the body is awake, the eyes will move to focus their gaze, night brings out a similar occurrence. REM stands for Rapid Eye Movement, which happens during sleep approximately every ninety minutes (dailymail). This mobility is quicker than the daytime motion of the eyes, but the other stages of sleep recreate the pace of the eye’s movements. In the early phases of sleep, the eye muscles relax and the eye moves slowly (ninds). However, dreaming is done only in the REM section of sleep; the eye flits from side to side so that it can view the dream just like it would see the surrounding location during consciousness (dailymail). Though the rapidity of the motion changes, the overall function of the eye is not affected by sleep.

Muscles give the body the ability to move, maintain its shape, and support the structure of the human frame (emc). The power inherent in an individual comes from the function of the muscular system. In order to stand, open a door, pick up a book, and any other everyday action, the muscles are hard at work to follow the body’s impulses. There are three main muscle groups incorporated into the human frame: Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth muscles. Skeletal muscles are large and can be moved voluntarily; the Cardiac muscle is the heart, which pumps blood through the body; Smooth muscles cannot be controlled when thought about (kidshealth). As the body falls asleep, the sinews relax and slow their movements. All muscle function in the Skeletal Muscular system cease, though the other muscular systems remain in motion. The heart continues to beat; the bladder remains functioning and all other Smooth muscles carry on with their separate tasks (ninds). Just like the brain and the eyes, the differences between sleep and wakefulness in the body are minute.

The outward appearance of the human figure seems to change considerably when awake and in slumber. However, the functions of the major organs of the body suggest the opposite is true. Activity in the brain does not cease as the subconscious takes over at night; the eyes do not stop their motion when the eyes close; the muscles continue to pump blood and support the body even in rest. Sleep is an illusive, though crucial, procedure, but whether the body alters its duties during the night remains to be seen.

             

Works Cited

"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke." Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep. N.p., 21, May 2007. Web. 20 Oct 2010. <http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding

"Brain Tumor Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis Information on MedicineNet.com." MedicineNet - Health and Medical Information Produced by Doctors. Web. 05 Oct. 2010. <http://www.medicinenet.com/brain_tumor/article.htm>.

Dowshen, Steven. "Your Muscles." KidsHealth - the Web's Most Visited Site about Children's Health. Aug. 2009. Web. 05 Oct. 2010. <http://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/muscles.html>.

EPSTEIN, ANGELA. "What Happens to Your Body During Sleep." Mail Online.Com. Associated Newspapers Ltd, n.d. Web. 20 Oct 2010. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-90598/What-happens-body-youre-asleep.html#comments>.

"An Intro to Sleep: What Is Sleep?" Sleep Disorder Information & Resources - Always up to Date with the Latest News in the Sleep Disorder Community! Web. 05 Oct. 2010. <http://www.talkaboutsleep.com/sleep-disorders/archives/intro.htm>.

"Muscular and Skeletal Systems." Estrella Mountain Community College. 18 May 2010. Web. 05 Oct. 2010. <http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookMUSSKEL.html>.

"Muscular and Skeletal Systems." Estrella Mountain Community College. 18 May 2010. Web. 05 Oct. 2010. <http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookMUSSKEL.html>.

Essay 2 Outline

I.

Introduction: your body is active during sleep and wakefulness, brain, eyes, and muscles

·        Sleep is the time the body can undergo repair and detoxification (1)

II.

          Brain: awake functions

• the human brain never decreases inactivity. Studies have shown that the brain is as active during sleep as it is when awake (17)
• Nerve-signaling chemicals called neurotransmitters control whether we are asleep or awake by acting on different groups of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain (18)
• Neurons in the brainstem, which connects the brain with the spinal cord, produce neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine that keep some parts of the brain active while we are awake (19)
• Other neurons at the base of the brain begin signaling when we fall asleep (20)
• The brain directs the things we choose to do (like walking and talking) and the              things our body does without thinking (like breathing). The brain is also in charge of   our senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell), memory, emotions, and personality. (46)
• Cerebrum- controls reading, thinking, learning, speech, and emotions (47)
• Cerebellum - The cerebellum controls balance and complex actions like walking and talking. (48)

• Brain Stem - It controls hunger and thirst. It also controls breathing, body temperature, blood pressure, and other basic body functions. (49)

                     Sleep functions

• activity in the cortex - the surface of the brain - drops by about 40 per cent while we are in the first phases of sleep (2)
• first stage: brain waves are small undulations (5)
• second stage: waves intersperse with electrical signals called sleep spindles - small bursts of activity lasting a couple of seconds which keep us in a state of quiet readiness (6)
• stage 2 sleep, our brain waves (fluctuations of electrical activity that can be measured by electrodes) become slower, with occasional bursts of rapid waves called sleep spindles. (24)
• stage three: waves continue to deepen into large slow waves. The larger and slower the brain wave, the deeper the sleep (7)
• In stage 3, extremely slow brain waves called delta waves begin to appear, interspersed with smaller, faster waves. (25)
• stage four: reached when 50 per cent of the waves are slow. not taxed mentally (8)
• By stage 4, the brain produces delta waves almost exclusively. It is very difficult to wake someone during stages 3 and 4, which together are called deep sleep. (26)
• stage five (REM): there is a high level of brain activity, helps consolidate memory and emotion, as at this point in sleep blood flow rises sharply in several brain areas linked to processing memories and emotional experiences. In areas involving complex reasoning and language, blood flow declines

III.

            Eyes: awake functions

• take in tons of information about the world around you — shapes, colors, movements, and more. (38)
• blinking: both a voluntary and involuntary action (39)
• step into bright light, the eyelids squeeze together tightly to protect your eyes until they can adjust to the light (40)
• eyelids shut automatically to protect the eye from possible danger (41)
• lacrimal glands, which make tears. Every time you blink your eye, a tiny bit of tear fluid comes out of your upper eyelid. (42)
• tears wash away germs, dust, or other particles that don't belong in your eye (43)

                      Sleep functions

• the movement of the eyes denotes the different stages of sleep (10)
• first falling into semi-consciousness, the eyes roll. But as we move into deeper sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) occurs when the eyes twitch and dart about (11)
• REM occurs within about 90 minutes of falling asleep and recurs about every 90 minutes throughout the night. It denotes a time when most dreaming is done (12)
• The first four stages of each cycle are regarded as quiet sleep or non-rapid eye move-ment (NREM). The final stage is denoted by rapid eye movement (REM) (4)
• During stage 1, which is light sleep, Our eyes move very slowly and muscle activity slows. (21)
• People awakened from stage 1 sleep often remember fragmented visual images. (22)
• stage 2 sleep, our eye movements stop (24)
•  

IV.

            Muscles: awake functions

• Animals use their muscular and skeletal systems for support, locomotion, and maintaining their shape(44)
• Rapid muscular contraction is important in generating internal heat, another homeostatic function. (45)
• muscles help keep you upright and standing tall. They also give your body the power it needs to lift and push things (37)
• the skeletal muscles work with your bones to give your body power and strength. In most cases, a skeletal muscle is attached to one end of a bone. It stretches all the way across a joint (the place where two bones meet) and then attaches again to another bone (36)
• SKELETAL: sometimes called striated muscle: voluntary muscles (34)
• CARDIAC: muscle that makes up the heart (31)
• heart contract to pump blood out and then relax to let blood back in after it has circulated through the body (32)
• like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle works all by itself with no help from you (33)
• SMOOTH: also called involuntary muscles — are usually in sheets, or layers, with one layer of muscle behind the other (28)
• can't control smooth muscles (29)

                           Sleep functions

• During stage 1, which is light sleep, muscle activity slows. (21)
• Though a person can change their sleeping position about 35 times a night, the muscles of the body remain relaxed. This gives the chance for tissues to be repaired and restored. (15)
• However, studies indicate that muscles might receive just as much relaxation and repair during simple rest periods and that a state of unconsciousness is not needed for this to take place. (16)
• the muscles of the body are relaxed to a point of virtual paralysis (13)
• stage four: 40% of the blood flow usually reserved for the brain goes to the muscles. (8)

V.

            Conclusion: Your body has set tasks for both sleep and wakefulness

Comparison Essay

I've decided to write my comparison essay on the differences in the body awake and asleep. More specifically, differences in the brain, eyes, and muscles. We'll see how well that goes!

Final Draft

Rough Draft

With time religious beliefs alter and change. Before monotheistic faiths dominated most of the world’s way of life polytheism held sway. Today’s mythology stems from the stories of the many gods and goddesses present in the Greek and Roman religion. These deities were an integral part of daily life and none more so than the god Neptune. He was a popular god and therefore the subject of many myths and legends (Mythograhpy). (Stretch with interesting facts/ a story of Neptune) To fully understand the Roman culture in Greece, on must examine their religion. Thesis: Because of Neptune’s prominence in mythology, it is important to examine who he was, what power he possessed, and how he was worshiped.




He was pictured as a bearded man riding a seashell chariot (drawn by horses) and holding a trident (windows2universe). Neptune was moody. When he was in a good mood the seas were calm and new lands were found. When he was cranky the seas reflected it (Encyclopedia Mythica). One of 6 siblings: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and Zeus in Greek mythology. Neptune and his brothers divided the world; Zeus got the sky, Hades the underworld, and Neptune the sea (Encyclopedia Mythica). Neptune was a male spirit of fertility (apana) and was a legendary fighter and lover (Mythography). His varied trysts created many children; some include Triton, Chrysoar and Pegasus - flying horse, Theseus, and Eumolpus (Encyclopedia Mythica). Neptune and Poseidon is the same god under different names; Poseidon is the Greek version of the Roman Neptune (Nineplanets). Greek faith became Roman religion when Rome conquered Greece (Historiasiglo20).

He is the driving force behind every phenomenon on/underneath the sea (typhoons, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc) (Greece.org). Neptune created all the sea creatures to populate his underwater kingdom. He would use his powers to inflict fear or punishment; however, he could be cooperative if the mood struck him. He loved exerting his power over women and proving to them just how masculine he could be (Encyclopedia Mythica). A large part of Neptune is his trident (created by the Cyclopes), which he uses not only to stir up the winds and the sea, but to shake the earth as well (apana). When he struck the ground with his trident, earthquakes, shipwrecks and drowning occurred (Mythography). His tendency to cause tremors in the ground gave him the nickname of “Earth Shaker” (apana).

Each Greek and Roman family had a home alter devoted to a specific god or goddess. They would pray and worship here every day, unless it was the feast day for that deity. There were feasts for each god and each god represented something integral to life (historiasiglo20). Roman sailors loved Neptune less than Greek sailors love Poseidon. Neptune was held in much higher regard as "Neptune Equester", or the god of horses, with the Romans. Sailors would sacrifice horses over the sides of their ships for the promise of a good voyage. When on land the sailors would pay their respects at the temples set up for Neptune. His temples were usually placed around horse-heavy areas (Encyclopedia Mythica).

The ancient gods were seen to be similar to humans in regards to their bodies, characteristics, and flaws with the only difference being the god’s immortality. Gods like Neptune represented a force of nature while others symbolized professions or activities (Historiasiglo20). Neptune, and many other characters in mythology, has permeated society. The planet Neptune was named in 1846 after the Roman god to continue the naming trend scientists had created. The planet is a “blue planet” or a water planet and it was named Neptune for its namesake’s connection to the sea (windows2universe). (Stretch with final story about Neptune)

Outline

I. Introduction
    thesis: Neptune's prominence in Greek and Roman mythology it is important to examine who he was, what powers he possessed, and how he was worshiped.

II. Who is Neptune?

• Description
• Family Ties
• Neptune versus Poseidon

III. What powers did Neptune have?

• Involving nature
• Involving creatures
• The power in his trident

IV. How was he worshiped?

• General worship in ancient roman times
• Specific Neptune worship

V. Conclusion

Wind Steady Sings

What does it mean to "steady sing"?
When was the first song recorded?
Has singing been around as long as humans have?
How has singing changed over the centuries?

Chores

What is a chore?

• job: a specific piece of work required to be done as a duty or for a specific fee; "estimates of the city's loss on that job ranged as high as a million dollars"; "the job of repairing the engine took several hours"; "the endless task of classifying the samples"; "the farmer's morning chores"
  wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn
• chores - A small or minor job; a routine duty of a household or farm.
  www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3447200032.html

How does someone raise up a chore?
What is the difference between a household chore and the chore that's mentioned in the song?
When did the term "chore" come around?
What is another name for a chore?

Sops

What are sops?
How many meanings does the word "sop" have?

Skin Turns Green

Why would someone's skin turn green?

Praying

Why do we pray?
Do all religions have a form of prayer?
Is there a proper way to pray?
What is the definition of the word "pray"?
Was prayer around before organized religion was?

Sleep

What is sleep?
(http://www.talkaboutsleep.com/sleep-disorders/archives/intro.htm)

• Sleep is a physical and mental resting state in which a person becomes relatively inactive and unaware of the environment.
• sleep is a partial detachment from the world, where most external stimuli are blocked from the senses.
• Normal sleep is characterized by a general decrease in body temperature, blood pressure, breathing rate, and most other bodily functions

What happens to the body during sleep?
(http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-90598/What-happens-body-youre-asleep.html)

• Sleep is the time the body can undergo repair and detoxification

                              BRAIN

• activity in the cortex - the surface of the brain - drops by about 40 per cent while we are in the first phases of sleep
• five different sleep cycles, each lasting about 90 minutes
• The first four stages of each cycle are regarded as quiet sleep or non-rapid eye move-ment (NREM). The final stage is denoted by rapid eye movement (REM)
• first stage: brain waves are small undulations
• second stage: waves intersperse with electrical signals called sleep spindles - small bursts of activity lasting a couple of seconds which keep us in a state of quiet readiness
• stage three: waves continue to deepen into large slow waves. The larger and slower the brain wave, the deeper the sleep
• stage four: reached when 50 per cent of the waves are slow. not taxed mentally and 40% of the blood flow usually reserved for the brain goes to the muscles.
• stage five (REM): there is a high level of brain activity, helps consolidate memory and emotion, as at this point in sleep blood flow rises sharply in several brain areas linked to processing memories and emotional experiences. In areas involving complex reasoning and language, blood flow declines

                            EYES

• the movement of the eyes denotes the different stages of sleep
• first falling into semi-consciousness, the eyes roll. But as we move into deeper sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) occurs when the eyes twitch and dart about
• REM occurs within about 90 minutes of falling asleep and recurs about every 90 minutes throughout the night. It denotes a time when most dreaming is done
• brain activity is high at this point, the muscles of the body are relaxed to a point of virtual paralysis

                            HORMONES

• Levels of adrenaline and corticosteroids drop and the body starts to produce human growth hormone (HGH).
• A protein hormone, HGH promotes the growth, maintenance and repair of muscles and bones by facilitating the use of amino acids (the essential building blocks of protein).
• Melatonin: Secreted by the pineal gland deep in the brain, it helps control body rhythms and sleep-wake cycles.
• It is mostly during sleep that the sex hormone testosterone and the fertility hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone and leuteinising hormone, are secreted.

                     IMMUNE SYSTEM

• A cancer killer called TNF - tumour necrosis factor - pumps through our veins when we are asleep

                    BODY TEMP

• body temperature, along with levels of wakeful hormones such as adrenaline, start to drop
• By about 5am temp has dropped to about one degree centigrade below the temperature it was in the evening
• Low body temperatures increase your likelihood of sleeping deeply and so give the body chance to rest and rebuild. As body temperature starts to rise, it remains more difficult to stay in a deep sleep

                        MUSCLES

• Though a person can change their sleeping position about 35 times a night, the muscles of the body remain relaxed. This gives the chance for tissues to be repaired and restored.
• However, studies indicate that muscles might receive just as much relaxation and repair during simple rest periods and that a state of unconsciousness is not needed for this to take place.

(for more check the website, BUNCH of info)
Do animals sleep?
(http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/how-sleep-works/animals-sleep-there-human-connection)

• "[Mammals] all have the same fundamental sleep cycle," says Adrian Morrison, DVM, PhD, professor of Behavior Neuroscience at the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary Center. "During REM sleep, you see the same kind of eye movement, paralysis and twitching across species."
• Scientists still don't know—and probably never will—if animals dream during REM sleep, as humans do. "How can you prove that another person has dreams? You ask them," says Siegel.
• Sleep schedules also greatly vary from animal to animal. Siegel proposes that these differences are based on the brain metabolism rate of the animal. Smaller animals, who often have higher rates of brain metabolism, tend to require more sleep, while larger animals generally get less sleep
• Unihemispheral sleep in birds and dolphins—where one side of the brain remains awake in sleep—may provide new clues into the human brain

(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=neurosci&part=A1951)

• sleep is evidently necessary for survival. For instance, rats completely deprived of sleep die in a few weeks

What're the differences between sleep and wakefulness in the body?
(http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-90598/What-happens-body-youre-asleep.html)
                                                       HORMONES

• waking hours: the body burns oxygen and food to provide energy. This is known as a catabolic state, (more energy is spent than conserved), using up the body's resources.
• waking state is dominated by the work of stimulating hormones (adrenaline and natural cortisteroids). However, when we sleep we move into an anabolic state (energy conservation, repair and growth take over)
• Every tissue in the body is renewed faster during sleep than at any time when awake.
• Levels of melatonin rise as the body temperature falls, to encourage feelings of sleepiness. The opposite occurs to wake us up.

                            IMMUNE SYSTEM

• immune system's increased production of certain proteins during sleep, as the levels of certain agents which fight disease rise during sleep and drop when we are awake.

(http://www.talkaboutsleep.com/sleep-disorders/archives/intro.htm)
                          BRAIN

• the human brain never decreases inactivity. Studies have shown that the brain is as active during sleep as it is when awake

(http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm)

• Nerve-signaling chemicals called neurotransmitters control whether we are asleep or awake by acting on different groups of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain.
• Neurons in the brainstem, which connects the brain with the spinal cord, produce neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine that keep some parts of the brain active while we are awake.
• Other neurons at the base of the brain begin signaling when we fall asleep

• During stage 1, which is light sleep, Our eyes move very slowly and muscle activity slows.
• People awakened from stage 1 sleep often remember fragmented visual images.
• Many also experience sudden muscle contractions called hypnic myoclonia, often preceded by a sensation of starting to fall. These sudden movements are similar to the "jump" we make when startled
• stage 2 sleep, our eye movements stop and our brain waves (fluctuations of electrical activity that can be measured by electrodes) become slower, with occasional bursts of rapid waves called sleep spindles.
• In stage 3, extremely slow brain waves called delta waves begin to appear, interspersed with smaller, faster waves.
• By stage 4, the brain produces delta waves almost exclusively. It is very difficult to wake someone during stages 3 and 4, which together are called deep sleep. There is no eye movement or muscle activity

               (http://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/muscles.html)
                            MUSCLES

• You have three different types of muscles in your body: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle.
• SMOOTH: also called involuntary muscles — are usually in sheets, or layers, with one layer of muscle behind the other
• can't control smooth muscles
• bladder, behind eyes, uterus, etc
• CARDIAC: muscle that makes up the heart
• heart contract to pump blood out and then relax to let blood back in after it has circulated through the body
• like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle works all by itself with no help from you
• SKELETAL: sometimes called striated muscle
• voluntary muscles
•  the skeletal muscles work with your bones to give your body power and strength. In most cases, a skeletal muscle is attached to one end of a bone. It stretches all the way across a joint (the place where two bones meet) and then attaches again to another bone
• muscles help keep you upright and standing tall. They also give your body the power it needs to lift and push things

                           EYES

• take in tons of information about the world around you — shapes, colors, movements, and more. Then they send the information to your brain for processing so the brain knows what's going on outside of your body
• blinking: both a voluntary and involuntary action, (you can blink whenever you want to, but also happens without you even thinking about it)
• step into bright light, the eyelids squeeze together tightly to protect your eyes until they can adjust to the light
• eyelids shut automatically to protect the eye from possible danger
• lacrimal glands, which make tears. Every time you blink your eye, a tiny bit of tear fluid comes out of your upper eyelid. 
• tears wash away germs, dust, or other particles that don't belong in your eye

(http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookMUSSKEL.html)

• Animals use their muscular and skeletal systems for support, locomotion, and maintaining their shape
• Rapid muscular contraction is important in generating internal heat, another homeostatic function.

(http://www.medicinenet.com/brain_tumor/article.htm)

• The brain directs the things we choose to do (like walking and talking) and the things our body does without thinking (like breathing). The brain is also in charge of our senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell), memory, emotions, and personality.
• Cerebrum- controls reading, thinking, learning, speech, and emotions
• Cerebellum - The cerebellum controls balance and complex actions like walking and talking.
• Brain Stem - It controls hunger and thirst. It also controls breathing, body temperature, blood pressure, and other basic body functions.
  

Is it necessary to sleep?
(http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-90598/What-happens-body-youre-asleep.html)

• those who sleep less than six hours a night have a shorter life expectancy than those who sleep for longer
• Research suggests that sleeping more when fighting infectious illness aids recovery
• Getting enough sleep can also help resist infection, as some studies of healthy young adults have shown that moderate amounts of sleep deprivation reduce the levels of white blood cells which form part of the body's defence system.
• people who stayed up until 3am had one-third fewer cells containing TNF the next day, and that the effectiveness of those remaining was greatly reduced
• Ensuring regular periods of sleep at night lets the bodyclock regulate hormone production, so that you feel wakeful and alert during the day and ready to enjoy restorative sleep at night.

(http://www.talkaboutsleep.com/sleep-disorders/archives/intro.htm)

• Sleep is a necessary and vital biological function.
• It is essential to a person's physical and emotional well being.
• Studies have shown that without enough sleep, a person's ability to perform even simple tasks declines dramatically
• average sleep-deprived individual may experience impaired performance, irritability, lack of concentration, and daytime drowsiness
• less alert, attentive, and unable to concentrate effectively. Additionally, because sleep is linked to restorative processes in the immune system, sleep deprivation in a normal adult causes a biological response similar to the body fighting off an infection.

How long should a person sleep nightly?
(http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-90598/What-happens-body-youre-asleep.html)

• We spend about one-third of our lives asleep

(http://www.talkaboutsleep.com/sleep-disorders/archives/intro.htm)

• Six to eight hours per day is the average amount of sleep a person needs. That's about one-third of a lifetime!
• As a population, we sleep about 1 to 1.5 hours less than we did 100 years ago.
• experts suggest that the best way to determine personal sleep requirements is by waking up without an alarm clock. The amount of time spent sleeping would be the personal requirement
• the amount of sleep a person needs does not decrease with age