The Devil Makes Three - The Plank

                                                                                 

The Plank              

Your mumbling words that I can't hear any more
You're totally entertained but I'm absolutely bored
Through the sharks with your conversations see what they say
You're thrown over board and disappear into the waves




Down to Neptune's kingdom in the ink-black drink
Octopus bartenders, you can hear the mermaids sing
That'll teach you all to disobey
Heres a one way ticket to your watery grave




And we sing
To all our enemies, we'll see you in hell
We're gonna walk'em off the plank into the wishing well
Down to Davy Jone's locker where the fishes sleep
Wont be praying for you, so don't be praying for me, oh




To all our enemies, we'll see you in hell
We're gonna walk'em off the plank into the wishing well
Down to Davy Jone's locker where the fishes sleep
Wont be praying for you, so don't be praying for me, oh




Kill all the prisoners till their skin turns green
Let the sops of the ocean wash their skeletons clean
Raise up the chores and let them fall
As the wind steady sings you can hear the crew call




To all our enemies, we'll see you in hell
We're gonna walk'em off the plank into the wishing well
Down to Davy Jone's locker where the fishes sleep
Wont be praying for you, so don't be praying for me, oh

Prohibition Movie

The sound quality is not very good, but it's done! Let me know what you think.
Here's the link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWmaJ1IEQ_4

Essay four

Healthy Feeding

by

Sophia Sincevich

EN101-H1

Dr. Kerr

22 November 2010

 

If ninety percent of American families fed their infant children exclusively from the breast for the first six months of their child's life, one thousand infant deaths could be avoided each year ("Womenshealth.gov"). Besides being the most ideal food for a baby, breast milk has nearly all the vitamins and minerals an infant needs; Vitamin D is the single missing component (Jocoy). The main elements in human milk include protein, lactose, whey, casein, and fat; all of which are easily digestible by young systems (Dowshen). A majority of formulas consist of soy products, vegetable oils, cornstarch, and a number of other ingredients that children can not consume easily ("Truth in Labeling"). While formula provides adequate nutrition, it does not give a baby any extra support against infection in the way breast milk naturally does (Jocoy).Unless a mother has a dangerous disease that she could pass to the baby through her milk, breast feeding is suggested and encouraged strongly by doctors ( Gartner, and Eidelman). Unlike formula feeding, breast feeding is extremely healthy for an infant and it's mother, is convenient, and has a positive impact on society.

Children, and their mothers, benefit immeasurably from breast feeding, or nursing. Breast feeding is the action of a child receiving milk from a mother's breast; exclusive breast feeding is when a child eats only a mother's milk and no supplements (Jocoy). Research has shown breast feeding to improve a child's natural defenses, especially when continuing to breast-feed through the entire first year of life (Gartner, and Eidelman). Feeding babies human milk decreases the prevalence and severity of infectious diseases including, but not limited to, diarrhea, urinary tract infections, meningitis, respiratory infections, and late-onset sepsis in premature babies (Gartner, and Eidelman ). In addition to defending against infections, choosing to nurse reduces the chance of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (S.I.D.S), both type one and type two diabetes, lymphoma, obesity, leukemia, and even asthma in older children and adults (Gartner, and Eidelman). The advantages of breast feeding are not only for the babies receiving the milk. Mothers who allow their infants to breast-feed experience a wide range of benefits: swifter recovery from pregnancy, labor, and delivery (Jocoy). Feeding infants from the breast also decreases postpartum bleeding in women, as well as an earlier return to pre-pregnancy weight, less risk of breast and ovarian cancer, and increased time between children (Gartner, and Eidelman ). Because of the release of the hormone Oxycontin during nursing, the mother's uterus bleeds less during recovery from pregnancy and returns to it's normal size quicker than if the mother was not breast feeding (Jocoy). Infant formulas can do none of this, and are only advantageous for the baby, not the mother (Dowshen). In fact, although many formulas claim to have higher levels of nutrients than breast milk, the child does not absorb all of the vitamins and minerals and can not gain their benefits (Tessmer). With the easily digested breast milk, the child can be assured of gaining all the mother has to offer (Jocoy). However healthy a formula seems, it cannot compare to a mother's milk.

Infant formulas are considered to be simpler, swifter, and more convenient for the mother than taking the time to nurse a child (Tessmer). Breast feeding does take more effort and is more time consuming than formula-feeding at first, the mother's nipples can become chapped and the baby does not always take to the breast automatically; but, once the mother and the child have become used to breast feeding, formula feeding is a hassle in comparison ("Womenshealth.gov"). Once the mothers and infants move past the frustrating first stages of nursing, dealing with the constant influx of bottles, formula, and all the procedures associated with it, feeding a baby directly from the mother's body is the simplest method of feeding (Jocoy). Because babies do not digest formula as quickly as breast milk, their stomachs are full longer and so they do not need to eat as often as if they were nursing (Tessmer). But, the formula fed children tend to spit up more than breast fed children due to the extra demands made on their developing systems (Dowshen). With breast feeding, mothers can find themselves nursing every couple of hours, however, this lasts only for the first few weeks of the child's life and tapers off quickly (Dowshen). Unlike formula feeding, when an infant is breast-fed there is nothing to sterilize, measure, mix, or warm (Jocoy). A baby's hunger can be satisfied on the spot instead of the child having to wait as the formula is prepared, this time-saving procedure is especially helpful for parents when a baby has awoken hungry in the middle of the night ("Womenshealth.gov"). To further indicate the convenience of breast milk, if pumped and bottled, can be left out of the refrigerator for up to six hours before it should be disposed of; allowing the child to eat at it's leisure (Smith). Prepared formula can only be unrefrigerated for one hour, and wait inside of a fridge for twenty-four hours (Tessmer).A large argument against breast feeding is the cost of bras, pads, and a breast pump, but these prices do not amount to the expenditures of buying formula, and are usually bought less frequently (Dowshen). Purchasing formula is expensive, especially when needed for an extended amount of time but breast milk is free; this can be extremely advantageous for new parents who may not have much money to spend on formula (Jocoy). A mother's breast naturally adjusts it's milk production to the amount the child needs and prevents the baby from running out of food; formula needs to be purchased every time the container empties (Dowshen). Feeding a baby formula from a bottle can allow greater freedom in how or where a baby eats and provide a more accurate assessment of the amount an infant is consuming (Dowshen). But, a mother can use a breast pump, fill a bottle, and continue to provide her child with her milk instead of formula; the nutrition of breast milk and the flexibility of a bottle give the mother leeway, especially in social settings where she may feel uncomfortable showing her breast (Dowshen). Despite the convenience of bottles, a problem can develop if the child experiences Nipple Confusion and will no longer take to the breast after being exposed to a bottle, or vice versa; though this can be eliminated by exclusively breast feeding for the first few weeks of life ( Jocoy). As overwhelmingly beneficial as breast feeding is for a mother and infant, it is also a positive influence on the world outside the family in ways formula feeding does not.

Nursing children in during their infancy has widespread consequences for society at large. In regards to the world's population, breast feeding not only sustains lives but it also helps prevent births and impedes overpopulation due to postponed menstruation (Smith). Additionally, with more children surviving infancy birth rates naturally lower (Smith). The economy also gains when more mothers breast-feed through the potential of lower annual health care costs, and decreased costs for public health programs like WIC (Gartner, and Eidelman). Mothers would still need to purchase breast pumps and lactation consultations and other necessary equipment, thus insuring money circulating where formula costs once were (Gartner, and Eidelman ). Transportation of the formulas to processing plants and then to the commercial grocer, and the pesticides present in the plant-based formulas require vast amounts of energy and add to the planet's pollution levels (Smith). Alongside the pollution of simply creating the formulas is the environmental burden created by the numerous formula cans and bottles that end up in landfills (Gartner, and Eidelman ). Few formula packages are recycled and for every three million bottle-fed babies, four-hundred and fifty empty containers go to the dump (Smith). The advantages of breast feeding are not limited to the mother and child, and their decisions can impact society on multiple, far-reaching levels.

Though there are obvious benefits to breast feeding, some women continue to feed their babies from manufactured sources. This may be due to a lack of confidence in mothers; they believe they cannot succeed because other women they know could not (O'Connor). While there is nothing unhealthy or dangerous in formula, at this time, it is impossible for formula to duplicate all of the enriching qualities of breast milk (Smith). Though feeding a child exclusively breast milk for as long as possible is suggested, even partial breast feeding is advantageous to the infant's health (Perkins, and Vannais). Studies have even found that breast-fed children have higher testing scores in cognitive development ( Gartner, and Eidelman). Breast milk is naturally designed to have the correct composition and the right amount of nutrients for a baby (Alvis). While nreast feeding a baby does restrict some freedom from the mother, for instance, she must continue to eat a healthy diet and must be careful of the medicines she takes (OBrien) the pros outweigh the cons. Infant formulas are replications of a naturally made substance that has numerous benefits and little to no drawbacks.

Works Cited

Alvis, Jeff. "Knowledge Base." Stonebridge Pediatrics. N.p., 2010. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://www.stonebridgepediatrics.com/breastfeeding_faq

Dowshen, Steven. "Feeding Your Newborn." KidsHealth. The Nemours Foundation, Aug 2008. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/feeding/feednewborn

Gartner, Lawrence, and Arthur Eidelman. "Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk." AAP Policy. N.p., Feb 2005. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics

"Infant Formula." Truth in Labeling. N.p., 03 Jul 2004. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://www.truthinlabeling.org/formulacopy.html>.

Jocoy, Sandy. "Should I Breast-Feed My Baby." WebMD. Healthwise Inc., 04 May 2009. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/should-i-breast-feed-my-baby>.

OBrien, Robin. "The Advantages of Bottle Feeding." Article Alley. N.p., 21 Aug 2006. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://www.articlealley.com/article_83417_40.html>.

O'Connor, Mary. "Breastfeeding Benefits and Barriers: Lack of Confidence." Breastfeeding Basics. Mary O'Connor, 1998. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://www.breastfeedingbasics.org/cgi-bin/deliver.cgi/content/Introduction/bar_confidence.html>.

Perkins, Sharon, and Carol Vannais. "Comparing Formula and Breast Milk." Dummies.com. Wiley Publishing Inc, n.d. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/comparing-formula-and-breast-milk.html>.

Smith, Mark. "Nursing the World Back to Health." La Leche League International. La Leche League International, 14 Oct 2007. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://www.llli.org/NB/NBMayJun95p68.html>.

Tessmer, Kimberly. "Breast Milk vs Formula." Family Education. Pearson Education Inc, n.d. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://life.familyeducation.com/breastfeeding/formula-feeding/44286.html>.

"Why Breastfeeding is Important." Womenshealth.gov. N.p., 01 Aug 2010. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://www.womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/why-breastfeeding-is-important/>.

Essay four outline

1. Introduction

• Breast milk is the perfect food for your baby. It has almost all the nutrients a baby needs for the first 6 months of life (12)
• Formula provides good nutrition for babies. But it does not give your baby the extra protection against infection that breast milk does. (19)
• Recent research shows that if 90 percent of families breastfed exclusively for 6 months, nearly 1,000 deaths among infants could be prevented (28)
• components — lactose, protein (whey and casein), and fat (30)
• Water, corn syrup solids....casein hydrolysate, modified corn starch...carrageenan, L-cysteine.... (68)

2. Health for baby/mamma

• human milk feeding decreases the incidence and/or severity of a wide range of infectious diseases including: bacterial meningitis, diarrhea, respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, and late-onset sepsis in preterm infants (2)
• postneonatal infant mortality rates in the United States are reduced by 21% in breastfed infants. (3)
• ^{studies suggest decreased rates of sids in the first year of life and reduction in incidence of insulin-dependent (type 1) and non–insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes, lymphoma, leukemia, overweight and obesity, and asthma in older children and adults who were breastfed, (additional research in this area is warranted). (4)}
• ^{Breastfeeding has been associated with slightly enhanced performance on tests of cognitive development (5)}
• ^{mothers: decreased postpartum bleeding, more rapid uterine involution (attributable to increased concentrations of oxytocin), decreased menstrual blood loss, increased child spacing attributable to lactational amenorrhea, earlier return to prepregnancy weight, decreased risk of breast cancer, decreased risk of ovarian cancer, and possibly decreased risk of hip fractures and osteoporosis in the postmenopausal period(6)}
• ^{For example, breast-feeding makes your body release a hormone called oxytocin. This hormone helps your uterus bleed less and return to its normal size after pregnancy (18)}
• ^{Exclusive breastfeeding has been shown to provide improved protection against many diseases and to increase the likelihood of continued breastfeeding for at least the first year of life (10)}
• ^{Breast-feeding helps a woman's body recover from the stresses of pregnancy, labor, and delivery. (13)}
• ^{Breast milk is easier to digest – For most babies — especially premature babies — breast milk is easier to digest than formula. The proteins in formula are made from cow’s milk and it takes time for babies’ stomachs to adjust to digesting them. (23)}
• ^{Physical contact is important to newborns. It can help them feel more secure, warm, and comforted. Mothers can benefit from this closeness, as well. Breastfeeding requires a mother to take some quiet relaxed time to bond (27)}
• ^{WHY FORMULA: to compensate for the possible lower rate of absorption, formulas have higher amounts of protein and vitamins and minerals (64)}

3. Convenience

• Formula can be expensive, and breast milk is free (16)
• Breastfeeding may take a little more effort than formula feeding at first. BUT it can make life easier once you and your baby settle into a good routine. (25)
• when you breastfeed, there are no bottles and nipples to sterilize. You do not have to buy, measure, and mix formula. And there are no bottles to warm in the middle of the night! You can satisfy your baby’s hunger right away when breastfeeding. (26)
• WHY NOT: Nursing mothers do need to eat more and may want to buy nursing bras and pads, a breast pump, or other equipment. (But these expenses are generally less than the cost of formula.) (31)
• Formula-feeding Advantages: Bottle-feeding can offer more freedom and flexibility for the mother, and it makes it easier to know how much the baby is getting (32)
• Formula-feeding Advantages: babies digest formula more slowly than breast milk, a baby who is getting formula may need fewer feedings than one who breastfeeds. (33)
• Formula-feeding Advantages:Since breast milk is easily digested, breastfed babies tend to eat more often than babies who are fed formula. This means mom may find herself in demand as frequently as every 2 or 3 hours in the first few weeks. This can be tiring, but it's not long before babies feed less frequently and sleep longer at night.
• Mothers who want to continue breastfeeding can use a breast pump to collect breast milk to be given in a bottle so their babies still get its benefits even when mom isn't available to breastfeed (38)
• breastfeeding stimulates milk production and your supply of breast milk will automatically adjust to your baby's demand for it (41)
• Bottles and rubber nipples need to be sterilized by boiling them in water for ten minutes. Otherwise, disease and infection will result (51)

4. Beneficial for society

• ^{economic, family, and environmental benefits: potential for decreased annual health care costs of $3.6 billion in the United States; decreased costs for public health programs (WIC); more time for attention to siblings and other family matters as a result of decreased infant illness; decreased environmental burden for disposal of formula cans and bottles; and decreased energy demands for production and transport of artificial feeding products.(7)}
• ^{Economic, family, and environmental benefits are offset by: increased costs for physician and lactation consultations, and cost of breast pumps and other equipment (all of which could be covered by insurance payments to providers and families)(8)}
• ^{In addition to sustaining lives that might otherwise be lost, breastfeeding actually helps to curb overpopulation by preventing more births than all other forms of contraception combined. This is largely because exclusive breastfeeding postpones the return of menses. (45)}
• ^{Also, when survival rates are higher, as they are with breastfed children, birth rates naturally tend to be lower. (48)}
• ^{Also, when survival rates are higher, as they are with breastfed children, birth rates naturally tend to be lower. (49)}
• ^{Transporting milk to processing plants and transporting the final product to consumers requires enormous amounts of energy and adds to pollution and the depletion of global resources (50)}
• ^{For every three million bottle-fed babies, 450 million empty tins end up in landfills. Few are recycled. (52)}
• ^{can stand covered, in a clean cup, for up to six hours without becoming contaminated (53)}
• ^{formula should not be left out more than an hour (61)}
• ^{prepared formula should not be kept for more than 24 hours in the fridge (62)}

4. Conclusion

• even partial breastfeeding has many advantages that easily makes it a worthwhile endeavor. Occasionally some women do not produce enough milk for their baby and need to supplement, some parents just want to supplement, and others decide only to use formula (11)
• there is nothing inherently dangerous in formula, only that formula can't possibly replace all the benefits of human milk (42)
• 
  
  WHY: Lack of confidence Many women felt that they would be unable to make enough milk for their baby or that they would be unable to successfully breastfeed their baby because their sisters did not make enough milk or their mother reported that she could not breastfeed her children successfully. (67)
  
  
• Your breast milk is specifically formulated to have the right composition for your child and to contain the right amounts of the baby's needed nutrients. (65)

Essay 3 The Prohibition

Backlash of the Prohibition

            On January 16, 1920, the United States said no alcoholic beverages were to be sold or purchased in breweries, distilleries, or saloons, and these businesses were forced to close their doors (Mintz). Drinking was a source of corruption, and an excuse for domestic violence (Mintz). Prohibition was the solution to these and other problems in America (Weiser). Many believed only beneficial outcomes would be generated from the elimination of beer from the public (Mintz). Though developed to end the consumption and negative effects of alcohol, the 1920’s prohibition created the illegal trafficing of alcoholic beverages, an ineffective government, and increased death rates.

            When the public demanded alcohol, many began finding covert ways of getting what they wanted: liquor (Levine, and Reinarmen). Organized crime grew and dominated 1920’s American society (Hoyt). Gangs of alcohol traffickers were common and gained control of the public because they could supply the public with liquor (Hoyt). As the illegal activities expanded, buildings were created to hide the alcohol consumption (hoyt). Thirty thousand speakeasies sprung up across the country while legal bars numbered around half that amount (Hoyt). Since the production was also prohibited, approximately one hundred thousand people brewed alcohol in bathtubs and handcrafted stills (Hoyt). And because the breweries were shutdown, many fashioned liquor in their homes, right underneath the detection of the authorities (Mintz). Since the alcoholic content of beer was lower than whiskey or gin, more had to be provided to speakeasies (Thornton). But Prohibition made it very difficult to transport the bulky, weaker alcohols, and stronger drinks became the choice for many Americans (Thornton). The vast amounts of smuggling and covert breweries were the United State’s worst kept secret, and when gangsters provided a business with alcoholic beverages, many authorities looked the other way (Weiser) Famous gangster Al Capone trafficked liquor frequently and made this comment on the inconsistencies between American beliefs and the law, “When I sell liquor, it’s bootlegging. When my patrons serve it on a silver tray on Lakeshore Drive, it’s hospitality” (Weiser).

Prohibition had a goal to decrease death rate and alcohol-related illness; however, it had negative effects on the health of the nation (Hoyt). Deaths caused by cirrhosis dropped significantly in the 1920’s (Hoyt). Alcoholism related fatalities decreased by eighty percent, but seven years after the ban of alcohol, total deaths from handmade liquor climbed to fifty thousand (Mintz). There were more cases of blindness, paralysis and other illnesses caused by dangerously created alcohol (Mintz). Despite what the Prohibition intended, more alcoholics and speakeasies existed by the end of the 1920’s than there were before the law was created (Hoyt). Another unintended danger fostered by the Prohibition was the introduction of harsh drugs like narcotics (Weiser). Aside from the increase in death from the liquor, homicide rates went up due to gang wars in cities (Mintz). The Prohibition also unintentionally allowed the American public to foster negativity towards the government and law enforcement (Mintz).

The credibility of the American government suffered during the 1920’s because of its lax behavior towards the public’s illegal actions (Hoyt). The closing of saloons destroyed the brewing industry and many job opportunities, which lost the government tax revenues and damaged the economy (Hoyt). During this time, political corruption skyrocketed (Hoyt). Polititians were funded by those profiting from illegal trafficking and so passed twisted government rulings (Hoyt) According to well-known tycoon John D. Rockefeller, “Drinking has generally increased, the speakeasy has replaced the saloon; a vast army of lawbreakers has been recruited and financed on a colossal scale” (Hoyt). Crime increased in the twenties because of the lack of funding for local and federal authorities (“Finding Dulcinea”). The money that should have been given the officers went to gangsters and politicians, making it difficult to enforce laws (“Finding Dulcinea”). Implement of 1920s' Prohibition would have been a daunting enterprise, even with proper funding (Henderson). Bootleggers were plentiful, where one was stopped, three more would appear (Henderson). Prohibition did not succeed in creating an alcohol-free America (Henderson).

During the 1930’s, those originally for the elimination of alcohol in the U.S. altered their opinions, and wanted the Prohibition lifted (Hoyt). The negative effects of the ban were far-reaching and convinced Americans that the problems alcohol induced were nothing compared to the issues that arose from it’s illegality (Hoyt). While the act did inhibit the consumption of beer effectively, it increased the drinking of hard liquor (Levine, and Reinarmen).When Prohibition was abolished, President Franklin D. Roosevelt stated, “What America needs now is a drink”(Burkhart). His wit indicated the futility of banning alcohol, drinking was so embedded in American culture, that it could not be eradicated so easily (Burkhart).

Works Cited

Burkhart, Jeff. "Prohibition Fast Facts." Prohibition Repeal. Distilled Spirits Council of the United States, n.d. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.prohibitionrepeal.com/history/fastfacts.asp

Henderson, Paula. "1920s' PROHIBITION ." Vintage Periods. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.vintageperiods.com/prohibition.php>.

Hoyt, Alia. "How Prohibition Worked ." How Stuff Works. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://history.howstuffworks.com/american-history/prohibition4.htm>.

Levine, Harry, and Craig Reinarmen. "Drugtext." From Prohibition to Regulation. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.drugtext.org/library/articles/craig102.htm>

Mintz, s. "Digital History." The Jazz Age: The 1920's. N.p., 27Oct 2010. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/copyright.cfm>.

Thornton, Mark. "Cato Institute." Alcohol Prohibition Was a Failure. N.p., 17 July 1991. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=1017>.

Weiser, Kathy. "Speakeasies of the Prohibition Era." Legends of America. N.p., March 2010. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ah-prohibitionspeakeasy2.html>.

Prohibition Outline

Using the numbers off of my list of facts/research, I made myself this outline to keep ontrack:

The Effects of the 1920’s Prohibition

I.

            Introduction

                        What was prohibition?

                        Why was it put into place?

                        (info 9, 10)

                        Thesis:

II.

            Effect # 1

                        Alcohol began to be sold illegally and in dangerous mixtures

                        (info 6, 8, 12, 13, 20, 21, 26)

III.

            Effect # 2

                        The government and law enforcements took a negative turn

                        (info 1, 2, 5, 7, 27, 28)

IV.

            Effect # 3

                        The rates of death and illnesses increased dramatically

                        (info 3, 11, 14, 15, 25)

V.

            Conclusion

                        What was intended to happen

                        (info 4, 16, 22, 30)

Prohibition Research

After deciding to base my paper off of the word "Bartender", I compiled this information on the 1920's Prohibition of Alcohol:

http://history.howstuffworks.com/american-history/prohibition4.htm

1. Prohibition created a vast illegal market for the production, trafficking and sale of alcohol. In turn, the economy took a major hit, thanks to lost tax revenue and legal jobs.
2. Prohibition nearly ruined the country's brewing industry
3. Prohibition also produced some interesting statistics concerning the health of AmericansDeaths caused by cirrhosis of the liver in men dropped to 10.7 men per 100,000 from 29.5 men per 100,000 from 1911 to 1929 [source: Digital History].

·         Alcohol consumption during Prohibition declined between 30 and 50 percent [source: Digital History].

·         Conversely, by the end of the 1920s there were more alcoholics and illegal drinking establishments than before Prohibition [source: Encyclomedia.com].

4. people who had vocally supported Prohibition had changed their tune dramatically.     Their opinions about the evils of alcohol remained, but they had realized the effects of Prohibition to be far-reaching and perhaps worse than alcohol itself.
5. According to famous tycoon John D. Rockefeller, "Drinking has generally increased, the speakeasy has replaced the saloon; a vast army of lawbreakers has been recruited and financed on a colossal scale" [source: Digital History].
6. G­angs of illegal alcohol traffickers, comparable to today's illegal drug rings, became common
7. Political corruption reached new levels, as those who were profiting from illegal trafficking lined the pockets of crooked politicians
8. Illegal speakeasies flourished. Prior to Prohibition, there were fewer than 15,000 legal bars in the United States. By 1927, however, more than 30,000 speakeasies were serving illegally across the country. Approximately 100,000 people brewed alcohol illegally from home [source: Digital History].

http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/copyright.cfm

Mintz, S. (2007). Change this text to the title of the section. Digital History. Retrieved (insert the date your retrieved the information here without parentheses) from
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu (add the complete URL for the specific page)

9.     At midnight, January 16, 1920, the United States went dry; breweries, distilleries, and saloons were forced to close their doors.

10. Advocates of Prohibition argued that outlawing drinking would eliminate corruption, end machine politics, and help Americanize immigrants.

11. The death rate from alcoholism was cut by 80 percent by 1921 from pre-war levels, while alcohol-related crime dropped markedly. Nevertheless, seven years after Prohibition went into effect, the total deaths from adulterated liquor reached approximately 50,000, and there were many more cases of blindness and paralysis

12.  produced bootleggers, speakeasies, moonshine, bathtub gin, and rum runners smuggling supplies of alcohol across state lines.

13.  In 1927, there were an estimated 30,000 illegal speakeasies--twice the number of legal bars before Prohibition. Many people made beer and wine at home.

14.  fostered corruption and contempt for law and law enforcement (Al Capone's Chicago organization reportedly took in $60 million in 1927 and had half the city's police on its payroll.)

15.  Homicides increased in many cities, partly as a result of gang wars, but also because of an increase in drunkenness

http://www.drugtext.org/library/articles/craig102.htm

16. The major effect of the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act on drinking was to dramatically reduce beer drinking (and therefore total alcohol consumption). At the same time, however, prohibition increased consumption of hard liquor (especially among the middle class

http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=1017

17.  National prohibition of alcohol (1920-33)--the "noble experiment"--was undertaken to reduce crime and corruption, solve social problems, reduce the tax burden created by prisons and poorhouses, and improve health and hygiene in America.

18.  Prohibition removed a significant source of tax revenue and greatly increased government spending.

19.  It led many drinkers to switch to opium, marijuana, patent medicines, cocaine, and other dangerous substances that they would have been unlikely to encounter in the absence of Prohibition.

20.   underground economy swiftly moved from the production of beer to the production of the more potent form of alcohol, spirits.

21.   Prohibition made it more difficult to supply weaker, bulkier products, such as beer, than stronger, compact products, such as whiskey

http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ah-prohibitionspeakeasy2.html

22.   The "Jazz Age” quickly signified a loosening up of morals, the exact opposite of what its Prohibition advocates had intended

23.  old social barriers were broken, as the rich and powerful began to rub shoulders with ordinary folks. From housewives, to large business owners, blue collar workers, corrupted police chiefs and mayors, these many patrons befriended each other in their quest of the same goals – drinking and avoiding the law

24.  it began to be fashionable to flout the Prohibition laws and the hip flask became a symbol of rebellion, seen everywhere

25.  Narcotics, hashish, and marijuana were soon used in abundance

     26.       When I sell liquor,

it's bootlegging.

When my patrons serve it

on a silver tray

on Lakeshore Drive,

it's hospitality.

-- Al Capone

http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/On-this-Day--Prohibition-Went-into-Effect-in-America.html

27. However, crime increased because “neither federal nor local authorities would commit the resources necessary to enforce the Volstead Act,” according to the National Archives.

http://www.vintageperiods.com/prohibition.php

28.  Enforcement of 1920s' Prohibition was a formidable task. Bootleggers and rum runners (smugglers crossing a state border) were plentiful

29.  Chicago’s Al Capone and his organization were considered glamorous figures; supposedly, half the city’s police were on their payroll

Burkhart, Jeff. Something to celebrate: Repeal of Prohibition. Marin Independent Journal, December 7, 2007.

30. "What America needs now is a drink" declared President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the end of Prohibition